Disrespect in the Military free essay sample

Since I neglected to finish the 2000 word article on Disrespect to a Non-Commissioned Officer that I was requested to do I was reordered to compose this 3000 word paper on Failure to follow orders and the potential outcomes I was informed that in the event that I had essentially taken what was initially composed and rephrased it I would have been acceptable as gold . I currently have come to understand that my inability to follow orders isn't just influencing me yet it is influencing others. I am taking up a ton of my sergeants time by them having to wright guiding proclamations for me. Additionally I have been utilizing the reason that I am managing a great deal of individual issues at the same time, in a steady progression etcetera, etc. I could have dodged this whole circumstance totally by simply acquiring my apparatus like I was told to do and afterward saying that I didn't figure I ought to have my weapon due to the trouble I am having controlling myself and not being certain about the impacts of the new medicine on the entirety of my own issues. I had just mentioned and was allowed to escape the military with a General under Honorable conditions. I understand that I have been removing time from apparently the two best lower enrolled laborers in the shop. Rather than not thinking about getting negative consideration I will be attempting to consider the officers who might just remain in for a transporter and their families. I am practically getting precisely what I requested and will focus on what I have to get all together before returning home to Staten Island with my little girl. Characterizing the inability to follow a request given by an authorized official is basically a dispatched official providing a request to a subordinate, and the subordinate not satisfying the undertaking for an inadmissible explanation, for example, a botch of time or the subordinate is simply not doing what the person was requested to do as long as it is a legitimate request. A Lawful Order is a request given to you by somebody named over you by more significant position authority which you are will undoubtedly obey and that doesn't expect you to overstep the law to comply. A Direct Order must be given by an appointed official, who has gotten their bonus from the President of the United States. An immediate request should likewise not be in struggle with set up law which implies it must not expect you to overstep the law. Any request which would expect you to overstep the law is an unlawful request and you are compelled by a solemn obligation not exclusively to defy the request, yet to report it to capable authority as quickly as time permits. Any individual who abuses or neglects to comply with any legitimate request or guideline, knowing about some other legal request gave by an individual from the military, neglecting to comply with the request which is their obligation to comply, or is overview in the presentation of his obligations will be rebuffed as a court-military may coordinate. At the point when provided a request by a Non Commissioned Officer it is to be assumed it is a legal request. On the off chance that it isn't that is the main time you may decline to do that request however you should be thoughtful on how you state that you will not do that request. In the event that you don't comply with the request or guideline that is given to you by th Non Commissioned Officer it falls under lack of respect and it is exceptionally discourteous to not comply with the Non Commissioned Officer. You dont need to regard the individual simply the position. The Non Commissioned Officer has been in sufficiently long to win that position and the duty that accompany it. By not doing what the Non Commissioned Officer let you know might be additionally holding a strategic you might be burning through the Non Commissioned Officers time to manage other solider. There are numerous things that can occur on the off chance that you wear not comply with a request or guideline given to you by a Non commissionedOfficer like for example composing a RBI, giving a class, or conceivable an article 15, and so forth. Inability to comply with legal request falls under article 92. Lack of respect to a Non Commissioned Officer is a genuine offense. It shows absence of military bearing and absence of poise. Which is unsatisfactory to Non Commissioned Officers and the military qualities. Article 92 of the uniform code of military equity is the point at which a solider neglects to comply with a request or guideline given to them by a NCO, official, or somebody pointed above them in area or crew. Article 92 is maybe the most significant article in the total of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Any military part, regardless of whether in the Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy, or Coast Guard who neglect to comply with a legitimate request of their bosses chance genuine results. Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice makes it a wrongdoing to resist any legal request. It sets out the ground law, the outright line which may not be Article 92 of The Uniform Code of Military Justice covers inability to follow orders. The ramifications for abusing article 92 can very contingent upon rank, time in administration, achievements, work model, social history, and above all the chain of orders assessment of the culpable solider. The base discipline for inability to follow requests can be a verbal advising potentially gotten together with a remedial activity, for example, composing papers or conveying more weight and negative impacts, for example, a composed directing articulation most likely joined with a restorative activity, a letter of censure evacuated upon reassignment, perpetual letter of censure, or the greatest being article 15. Given factors, for example, recorded beforehand, the article 15 can have fluctuating degrees of seriousness. From least to greatest, these are the article 15s one can get for inability to follow a legal request. Summed up Article 15: Oral censure or counsel; 14 days additional obligation; 14 days limitation, Company Grade Article 15: 1 evaluation decrease; Forfeiture of 7 days pay; 14 days additional obligation; 14 days limitation, Field Grade Article 15: 1 evaluation decrease (E5 E6); Multi-grade decrease (E4 underneath); Forfeiture of a large portion of a months for 2 months; 45 days additional obligation; 60 days limitation (45 days if additional obligation is forced), Summary Court-Martial: 1 evaluation decrease (E5 or more); Multi-grade decrease (E4 beneath); Confinement for 30 days (E3 underneath); Forfeiture of 66% compensation for multi month; Hard work without repression for 30 days; Restriction for 60 days, Special Court-Martial: Bad Conduct Discharge; Reduction to E1; Confinement for a half year; Forfeiture of 66% compensation for a half year. Any Article 15 that impacts rank as well as pay are the best because of the effect on the fighters life just as their family’s if th e trooper has wards. A classic smoking was extraordinarily proffered by practically any officer. Be that as it may, do a couple of various reasons, smoking fighters is evidently not permitted any more. Thinking behind this might be that a few fighters are basically Physical Training (PT) studs and take a gander at it even more a spurred turn out to be instead of a discipline. In spite of the fact that not a reason, hardly any officers have exacerbating individual issues or even mental issues that make smokings and verbal counselings less successful. A few officers despite the fact that not PT studs, get smoked constantly in light of the fact that they are simply thick or obstinate. Another and tragically more probable, there is a Political Correctness (PC) development in the United States Military, and pioneers are just not permitted to try and attempt these demonstrated strategies for restorative preparing. It ingrains control, regard, and quality in many troopers, however hurt emotions, harmed confidence, and all such babble annihilating the military from within. Before yelling about that I ought to return to the explanation I am composing ceaselessly in any case. Lack of respect to a Non-commission Officer. About seven days back or so I was requested by Sergeant Johnson to get my apparatus for a weapons capability go. I communicated that I was on a stimulant and didn’t figure I ought to have my weapon. Sergeant Johnson recognized what I said and reissued the request. I disregarded that request and didn't get my apparatus rather then acquire my rigging and repeat and further clarify my anxiety. The ramification for disregarding that request was me composing a 2000 word exposition about slighting and NCO and the outcomes. As I am horrible at composing papers I just got out about 775words, about half I got off an exposition site. My first paper was as per the following. The segment I got from the web is stamped (((Example))). I should compose a 2000 word paper since Sergeant Johnson feels that I slighted him when I energetically resisted an immediate request to acquire my rigging to go to a capability extend after I communicated worry about conveying a weapon while taking antidepressants. The explanation I decided to resist this request is on the grounds that at the time I felt it was progressively critical to overlook this request at that point to even conceivably get the opportunity for something irreversible to happen notwithstanding what any one may accept my abilities are. I welcome that nobody figured anything would occur, however it is as yet not worth the hazard. The meaning of disregard is absence of regard, impudence, or impoliteness. In the United States Military, there are rules and guidelines you should follow, one of them being admiration to a noncommissioned official. Regardless of the condition, whether you concur or not, you are not permitted to argue, truly retaliate, or question judgment. In the event that this happens, there are outcomes and repercussions from the activities taken on your part. Formally dressed Code of Military Justice expresses that you can at last be isolated, decently or despicably for activities taken on your part. You can likewise get an article fifteen, which removes your well deserved cash from you and your family. It likewise will require some investment you may have, and can likewise restrain your movement by disclosing to you where you are permitted to go. The significance of keeping up right convention and Military bearing on and off the clock, is fundamental on the grounds that to demonstrate disregard to a NCO when in uniform could cause affront among regular citizens about the military all in all. Any irreverence towards my leade

Paul Joseph Goebbles Essays - Chancellors Of Germany, Adolf Hitler

Paul Joseph Goebbles Paul Joseph Goebbles was conceived on the 29th October 1897, in Rheydt, in the Rhineland. His dad was a bird rancher, and his mom was a French lady. Both of his folks were exacting Roman Catholics. Goebbles was very scholastically fruitful for a mind-blowing duration. This made up for his physical appearance. He had a disabled foot and a changeless limp. These deficiencies influenced him mentally, and he felt that he proved unable ''serve his nation'' in the First World War when he was dismissed from the German armed force due to his distortion. This was an insult that remained with him a mind-blowing entirety. As his interests to serve his nation in the war neglected to succeed, Goebbles devoted his time and vitality to examining. For a long time (1917 - 1921), he considered germanics, history, writing, and theory, in Freiburg, Bonn, Wurzburg, Cologne, Munich, and Heidelburg. In Heidelburg, Goebbles examined forma Jewish student of history of writing. This distraught him later in his profession, as individuals considered him a ''student of the Jesuits, and a half French man''. This demonstrated he was not of unadulterated German blood. This repudiated his work, as his activity was to turn individuals against the Jews, and to make a populace of 'light haired and blue-peered toward' individuals. After World War 1, Goebbles attempted to turn into a compose, however his books, were disliked, thus he attempted to be writer. The following year, he was selected as business administrator of the North Rhineland. During this time, Goebbles turned out to be progressively engaged with governmental issues. Goebbles turned into the main advocate for the Nazi party during the 1930's. He previously heard Hitler talk in 1922, in Munich. Without a moment's delay, he perceived the man as being like himself. Both had bogus beginnings throughout everyday life, the two men had a similar desire of being well known, and having their sentiments and contemplations tuned in to and concurred by others. Goebbles become a close acquaintence with Hitler, in his endeavor to arrive at the top. He offered him praises and talked about him as ''Christ or St John''. Hitler was additionally glad. He had gained an enthusiastic follower who might concur with his every word and tune in to his discourses for quite a long time. Goebbles turned out to be old buddy s with Hitler, and before long turned into the main proselytizer for the Nazi party. He was named to this post in 1930. In spite of the fact that Goebbles turned into an influential man, despite his good faith, individuals considered him a ''dark smaller person'', and with his slight edge and dull hair, his partners nicknamed him ''Hitler's little mouse general''. In spite of the fact that he thought about this horrible defamation, none of these things were ever told him directly. Goebbles continued advancing Nazi perspectives. Finally, he had discovered a calling in which he was settled and he appreciated. He sorted out for everybody to have the option to tune in to his and Hitler's communicates, and stuck promulgation banners all over Germany, advancing Nazi perspectives. In the mean time, Joseph Goebbles wedded Magda Quandt, a formerly separated from lady. Together they had six kids, however this glad family was not to last. In 1938, Goebbles had an all around plugged illicit relationship with Lida Barrova, a Czech on-screen character. The embarrassment was stuck all over Germany, and the couple split. They didn't remain separated for long however. Eats' secretary had begun to look all starry eyed at Magda, and proposed to wed her. Hitler would not permit this to happen and requested that the couple should come back to living respectively. They came back to be together, despite the fact that Goebbles didn't stay devoted to Magda. The intrusion of the Soviet Union followed not long after the passing of Winston Churchill, just as the War with the United Sates of America. Notwithstanding the Nazi's endeavors, they had been crushed. Goebbles' long stretches of triumph were finished. Subsequent to understanding this, Goebbles and his better half harmed their six kids, as they didn't need them to experience childhood in a non-National Socialist Germany, and he shot himself and his significant other drank poison on the 29th of April, 1945. Paul Joseph Goebbles was recognized as a little, sharp ax confronted, little man, with a blasting voice.

A Quiet Place

A Quiet Place My mind often cries for serenity. When I moved to a mountainside cabin in Montana for four months, my intention was to tap into a pseudoâ€"Walden Pond experience, one in which I was closer to nature, closer to myselfâ€"my interior selfâ€"than ever before. It worked. During those months, I committed myself to a great deal of self-exploration, a great deal of writing (I wrote a ton of short stories, including Echo Lake), and a plethora of activities that forced me to better examine my interior life: tending to a fire for warmth, dealing with the loneliness of remote living, living more intentionally out of necessity. One of my recent experiencesâ€"living with two single guys in Missoula, Montana’s University Districtâ€"more closely mimics Thoreau’s experience than the remote cabin. Hard to believe, right? The reason is simpler than one might guess: amid the talking, the visitors, the socializing, the work, the meetings, the stuff-30-year-old-single-guys-do, I found a serene place, a place all my own, a place to which I could retreat when I needed absolute peace. That place was my bedroom. Back in the cabin, peace and quiet became the norm: I was surrounded by deafening silence. But at the Asym House, I was forced to seek quiet when I was in need. Thus, I established my bedroom as my quiet place. Much like Thoreau’s lakeside plot, my room contained only a few necessary items: a bed for sleeping, a desk for writing, a chair for sitting, and a lamp for reading. Occasionally, I burned a candle so my olfactory senseâ€"our strongest senseâ€"knew I was in my quiet place. That’s itâ€"there was nothing else. I left the walls blank, the wood floor bare. I didn’t want anything else in my quiet place. It needed to be not only quiet auditorily, but quiet visually. I’m not opposed to artwork adorning my walls nor decorations festooning my shelves. Aesthetics are important: art and decorations often add a personal touch to a living space. But I can hang artwork and other personal embellishments anywhere in the home. My room, however, is intentionally void of these things: no clock, no paintings, no photos, no bookshelf, no nightstand, no noise. It’s completely quiet and distraction-free, and thus it’s anxiety- and stress-free, too. How about you? Where is your quiet place? Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Literature Review Of School To Prison Pipeline - 970 Words

Literature Review Upon reviewing the literature that some scholars have already research, I have found Fader, Lockwood, Schall, and Stokes and some other authors that have researched something similar to my question, â€Å"How is School to Prison Pipeline affecting juveniles around the United States?†. In 2014, Fader wrote an article called A Promising Approach to Narrowing the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The WISE Arrest Diversion Program. In the article, it mentions how the school to prison pipeline came about and how hard it is for a student who enters the school to prison pipeline to get out of it, there’s a stigma to the kids once they have entered the pipeline. By having an afterschool program called WISE might help students enter the†¦show more content†¦Why are children being treated as criminal? Students shouldn’t be held accountable for minor incident that makes them fall into the system. Schools around the nation are contracting polices officer to patrol their schools and students. Police officers are known as School Resource Officer’s (SRO’s) like if given them a different name would matter, instead of being resourceful they are up holding the law in harsh ways. There are many SRO’s in schools and this has led to high number of arrests and criminal charges, instead of keeping a safer environment for the children it is becoming a hunting ground (Schept, Wall, Brisman). Before when a child did something wrong they were given detention, standards, a parent-meeting or maybe even sent to the office, but now the student are sent to the police officer in their schools. Once they are sent to her/him they are punish in such a different way where they can be expelled, suspense or even taken to jail. Once a child is label a criminal there is no way in taking that back, because they start to believe that they are criminals that the world has given up on them and what’s the point of proving that theory wrong. So, when they are released out of juvenile detention or prison they just fall back to the same pattern. Especially because when they are sent away, they are left alone in horrible conditions and treated likeShow MoreRelatedFrom Juvenile Justice School To Prison Pipeline Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthe relationship between educational institutions and the juvenile justice system, which was once created to protect children, has displayed an ultimatum for minors through â€Å"zero tolerance† policies that result in sending individuals from school to prison to pipeline. Studies have shown that these policies are not beneficial to students or the educational environment that should be guaranteed to children. Opponents argue that the policies promote safety, but th rough this research it can be concludedRead MoreBlood Transfusion Should Not Be Banned From A Lighter Sentence952 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversies in the presentation by Caroline, Lucas and Neil are the ability for children to be prosecuted as adults and the school to prison pipeline. These issues were the meat of their presentation an Caroline outlined Restorative Justice as a way to solve the problem of the school-to-prison pipeline. While I do agree that this should be more widely used in schools, I think the scope of this problem should be aimed at the policy of zero-tolerance. Yes, these policies are in place to deter studentsRead MoreSocialization Techniques Of African American Male Within The Criminal Justice System1325 Words   |  6 Pagestechniques of African Americans, in particular black males in the criminal justice system are vastly dissimilar in comparison to their white counterparts. The dominant socialization indifference is theoretically associated with Marxist Criminology schools of thought, in particular conflict theory. Qualitative, empirical, and historical data supports Marxist criminology based on capitalism, conflict, and the disparity treatment of the Afro-American male within the criminal justice system: police, courtsRead MoreZero Tolerance And Its Contribution On The School And Pri son Pipeline1446 Words   |  6 PagesTolerance and its Contribution to the School-to-Prison Pipeline A trend has developed in our society in recent decades. This concerning trend shows that African American youth are finding their way into the criminal justice system at a much higher rate than their peers. This trend starts in schools where students as young as fifth graders are being suspended from school for minor issues. Police officers are being used more and more to handle situations in the schools rather than teachers. Does this kindRead MoreZero Tolerance Policies And School Discipline10009 Words   |  41 Pagesthat funnels millions of students from school into the juvenile justice system (Robinson, 2013). This dilemma, known as the school-to-prison pipeline is garnering much attention in Virginia due to the states continued issues in overcoming the phenomenon. This study explores zero tolerance policies and school discipline to better understand its effect in to bring awareness to an issue that may help in dismantling this pipeline. Particularly looking at those school divisions within Virginia that haveRead MoreWhat I Learned At The Classroom Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesincredible amount of time and energy has been spent in creating a culturally responsive classroom. As stated in the literature review, reflection has been a critical component of creating such culture. As a white female and a product of the upper-middle class, I was quickly forced to apply my knowledge of cultural responsive pedagogy when I accepted a position teaching a Title-1 school with over 90% of students representing various minorities in Metro Atlanta. I swiftly realized that my students andRead MoreHow Does The Linked Learning Approach Increase The College And Career Readiness Of Hispanic And African American Males At Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pa gesHow does the Linked Learning Approach increase the college and career readiness of Latino and African American males at the high school level? 11. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: There are many factors that could affect the college and career readiness of African American and Latino males, however programs that marry career and technical skills with academics like the Linked Learning Approach may help to improve that readiness drastically Growing up, my family has always been close, especially myRead MoreEveryday Students Of Color Are Denied Their Right To A1640 Words   |  7 Pageseducation due to schools’ harsh disciplinary actions, such as out of school suspension and expulsions. Schools have a responsibility to keep students safe and provide a disciplined learning environment. There is no argument against this, however the methods utilized to provide a safe climate defy this common sense. More specifically, zero tolerance policies, which require students to be punished consistently and severely in a punitive nature. Zero tolerance policies arose in school systems during theRead MoreEffects Of School On Prison Pipeline And How It Can Be Stopped3748 Words   |  15 Pages THE EFFECTS OF SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE AND HOW IT CAN BE STOPPED: A CASE OF TEXAS STATE Name: Reg.no. A research proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦in the School of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦., †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. University Date: DECLARATION This research proposal is my original work and it has not been presented elsewhere for any academic award. No part of this work may be reproduced without prior written permission ofRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pagesand violates the rights of children (Grossman, 1998; Granger Granger, 1986). On the other hand, proponents of special education point to the effectiveness of intensive interventions in the area of reading (Wanzek Vaughn, 2007), as well as literature reviews which have found special education services contribute more to the academic achievement of students with learning disabilities and emotional disorders than general education classrooms (citations from Fuchs). Although the overrepresentation

Sb-1070 Media Reaction Essay - 893 Words

Media Reaction on SB-1070 Pedro A Viorato SOC/315 September 22, 2011 Susan Sureby Media Reaction on Immigration Immigration issues are not issues only encountered here in the United States, but are also issues faced throughout the world. There have been numerous of debates on the issues of immigration in the United States. The most controversial was the passing of a new bill in Arizona. Governor Jan Brewer passed into Arizona legislature the SB1070, which became very controversial because of the demands that this law was enforcing. This controversial bill gives any Arizona law enforcement personnel full authority to stop any people who they think have reasonable suspicion of living in the United States illegally. It also gives†¦show more content†¦This law was sending a very strong message to all of the illegal aliens living in Arizona. The SB-1070 was written deliberately with aggressive measures intended to promote to the estimated 460,000 illegal aliens to go home (About, 2011). The issue with some parts of the bill was that it was racially profiling, and it promoted discrim ination against mainly immigrants. The federal judge also stopped the section of the law that made it a crime for any for any foreign resident living in the state of Arizona to carry immigration paperwork at all times. In addition, the judge also stopped the part where it would make it a crime for any illegal or foreign resident living in the state of Arizona to solicit, perform, or apply for work. This gave illegal aliens living in state of Arizona a big relief to know that those main parts of the bill were stopped, giving them the advantage to continue to move forward with their lives instead of worrying about getting deported. Many people have their own opinions when relating in regard to illegal immigrants hurting the United States economy. There have been numerous of economist say there is no doubt the U.S. benefits from illegal immigrants. All of the undocumented people living in the United States contribute every day in our economy, they contribute as workers, taxpayers and consumers. All immigrants pay sales and property taxes and most pay federal and state income taxes as well. If there was laws like theShow MoreRelatedThe Online Disinhibition Effect By John Suler1422 Words   |  6 Pagescreating two identities giving them the chance to disclose and act out (Suler). Online an individual has the chance to be invisible and go unnoticed, but it also gives one the power to control interactions. So, one can cope with another’s immediate reactions on their own time, not real time. Therefore, Suler’s article aids in explaining the number of hate groups present online and how it is beginning to move to daily interaction in the physical world. There is a total of 892 hate groups in the UnitedRead MoreUs Immigration Policy3707 Words   |  15 Pagesrespective economies. These concerns, justified or not, lead Arizona lawmakers to take drastic action in April 2010. Arizona lawmakers drafted the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhood act, Introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 (Arizona SB 1070) and it was signed into law on April 23, 2010. Its intended purpose, as stated in the bill itself, is to discourage and deter the unlawful entry and presence of aliens and economic activity by persons unlawfully present in the United StatesRead MoreMicro Aggression Directed At Immigrants And Undocumented Youth Essay2138 Words   |  9 Pagesactivists after the California’s passageway of Proposition 187 (Longazel, 2013). There were reports of hate dialog, hate lawbreaking, biases by industries and the police, and the bill intensified the sentiments (Longazel, 2013). The Arizona passageway of SB 1070 reflected California in the 1990s; therefore, these laws that were enacted extended anti-Latino sentimentality and brought hatred and fanaticism by the majority (Longazel, 2013). The concept of micro-aggression spectacularly involuntary act ions ofRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesencountered on the free response portion of the Advanced Placement exam, as well as a collection of model responses. For those who use student response systems in class, a set of â€Å"clicker† questions (see JoinInâ„ ¢ on TurningPoint  ® under Instructor Resources—Media) for assessing student understanding is available. ââ€"   ââ€"   Student Resources ââ€"   Available Online If your text includes a printed access card, you will have instant access to the following resources referenced throughout your text: ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pages Executive Publisher: Don Fowley Associate Publisher: Daniel Sayer Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Welter Marketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Production Manager: Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor: Sandra Dumas Senior Designer: Kevin Murphy New Media Editor: Lauren Sapira Editorial Assistant: Mark Owens Production Management Services: Elm Street Publishing Services Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley

Forward the Foundation Chapter 21 Free Essays

string(137) " first to suggest that a group of us go to the Dome’s Edge Hotel\?† â€Å"Yes and I remember you saying it was a good idea\." 25 Hari Seldon knocked gently with an old-fashioned code and Yugo Amaryl looked up. â€Å"Hari, how nice of you to drop around.† â€Å"I should do it more often. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the old days we were together all the time. Now there are hundreds of people to worry about-here, there, and everywhere-and they get between us. Have you heard the news?† â€Å"What news?† â€Å"The junta is going to set up a poll tax-a nice substantial one. It will be announced on TrantorVision tomorrow. It will be just Trantor for now and the Outer Worlds will have to wait. That’s a little disappointing. I had hoped it would be Empire-wide all at once, but apparently I didn’t give the General enough credit for caution.† Amaryl said, â€Å"Trantor will be enough. The Outer Worlds will know that their turn will follow in not too long a time.† â€Å"Now we’ll have to see what happens.† â€Å"What will happen is that the shouting will start the instant the announcement is out and the riots will begin, even before the new tax goes into effect.† â€Å"Are you sure of it?† Amaryl put his Prime Radiant into action at once and expanded the appropriate section. â€Å"See for yourself, Hari. I don’t see how that can be misinterpreted and that’s the prediction under the particular circumstances that now exist. If it doesn’t happen, it means that everything we’ve worked out in psychohistory is wrong and I refuse to believe that.† â€Å"I’ll try to have courage,† said Seldon, smiling. Then â€Å"How do you feel lately, Yugo?† â€Å"Well enough. Reasonably well. And how are you, by the way? I’ve heard rumors that you’re thinking of resigning. Even Dors said something about that.† â€Å"Pay no attention to Dors. These days she’s saying all sorts of things. She has a bug in her head about some sort of danger permeating the Project.† â€Å"What kind of danger?† â€Å"It’s better not to ask. She’s just gone off on one of her tangents and, as always, that makes her uncontrollable.† Amaryl said, â€Å"See the advantage I have in being single?† Then, in a lower voice, â€Å"If you do resign, Hari, what are your plans for the future?† Seldon said, â€Å"You’ll take over. What other plans can I possibly have?† And Amaryl smiled. 26 In the small conference room in the main building, Tamwile Elar listened to Dors Venabili with a gathering look of confusion and anger on his face. Finally he burst out, â€Å"Impossible!† He rubbed his chin, then went on cautiously, â€Å"I don’t mean to offend you, Dr. Venabili, but your suggestions are ridic-cannot be right. There’s no way in which anyone can think that there are, in this Psychohistory Project, any feelings so deadly as to justify your suspicions. I would certainly know if there were and I assure you there are not. Don’t think it.† â€Å"I do think it,† said Dors stubbornly, â€Å"and I can find evidence for it.† Elar said, â€Å"I don’t know how to say this without offense, Dr. Venabili, but if a person is ingenious enough and intent enough on proving something, he or she can find all the evidence he or she wants-or, at least, something he or she believes is evidence.† â€Å"Do you think I’m paranoid?† â€Å"I think that in your concern for the Maestro-something in which I’m with you all the way-you’re, shall we say, overheated.† Dors paused and considered Elar’s statement. â€Å"At least you’re right that a person with sufficient ingenuity can find evidence anywhere. I can build a case against you, for instance.† Elar’s eyes widened as he stared at her in total astonishment. â€Å"Against me? I would like to hear what case you can possibly have against me.† â€Å"Very well. You shall. The birthday party was your idea, wasn’t it?† Elar said, â€Å"I thought of it, yes, but I’m sure others did, too. With the Maestro moaning about his advancing years, it seemed a natural way of cheering him up.† â€Å"I’m sure others may have thought of it, but it was you who actually pressed the issue and got my daughter-in-law fired up about it. She took over the details and you persuaded her that it was possible to put together a really large celebration. Isn’t that so?† â€Å"I don’t know if I had any influence on her, but even if I did, what’s wrong with that?† â€Å"In itself, nothing, but in setting up so large and widespread and prolonged a celebration, were we not advertising to the rather unstable and suspicious men of the junta that Hari was too popular and might be a danger to them?† â€Å"No one could possibly believe such a thing was in my mind.† Dors said, â€Å"I am merely pointing out the possibility. In planning the birthday celebration, you insisted that the central offices be cleared out-â€Å" â€Å"Temporarily. For obvious reasons.† â€Å"-and insisted that they remain totally unoccupied for a while. No work was done-except by Yugo Amaryl-during that time.† â€Å"I didn’t think it would hurt if the Maestro had some rest in advance of the party. Surely you can’t complain about that.† â€Å"But it meant that you could consult with other people in the empty offices and do so in total privacy. The offices are, of course, well shielded.† â€Å"I did consult there-with your daughter-in-law, with caterers, suppliers, and other tradesmen. It was absolutely necessary, wouldn’t you say?† â€Å"And if one of those you consulted with was a member of the junta?† Elar looked as though Dors had hit him. â€Å"I resent that, Dr. Venabili. What do you take me for?† Dors did not answer directly. She said, â€Å"You went on to talk to Dr. Seldon about his forthcoming meeting with the General and urged him-rather pressingly-to let you take his place and run the risks that might follow. The result was, of course, that Dr. Seldon insisted rather vehemently on seeing the General himself, which one can argue was precisely what you wanted him to do.† Elar emitted a short nervous laugh. â€Å"With all due respect, this does sound like paranoia, Doctor.† Dors pressed on. â€Å"And then, after the party, it was you, wasn’t it, who was the first to suggest that a group of us go to the Dome’s Edge Hotel?† â€Å"Yes and I remember you saying it was a good idea.† â€Å"Might it not have been suggested in order to make the junta uneasy, as yet another example of Hari’s popularity? And might it not have been arranged to tempt me into invading the Palace grounds?† â€Å"Could I have stopped you?† said Elar, his incredulity giving way to anger. â€Å"You had made up your own mind about that.† Dors paid no attention. â€Å"And, of course, you hoped that by entering the Palace grounds I might make sufficient trouble to turn the junta even further against Hari.† â€Å"But why, Dr. Venabili? Why would I be doing this?† â€Å"One might say it was to get rid of Dr. Seldon and to succeed him as director of the Project.† â€Å"How can you possibly think this of me? I can’t believe you are serious. You’re just doing what you said you would at the start of this exercise just showing me what can be done by an ingenious mind intent on finding so-called evidence.† â€Å"Let’s turn to something else. I said that you were in a position to use the empty rooms for private conversations and that you may have been there with a member of the junta.† â€Å"That is not even worth a denial.† â€Å"But you were overheard. A little girl wandered into the room, curled up in a chair out of sight, and overheard your conversation.† Elar frowned. â€Å"What did she hear?† â€Å"She reported that two men were talking about death. She was only a child and could not repeat anything in detail, but two words did impress her and they were ‘lemonade death.’ â€Å" â€Å"Now you seem to be changing from fantasy to-if you’ll excuse me -madness. What can ‘lemonade death’ mean and what would it have to do with me?† â€Å"My first thought was to take it literally. The girl in question is very fond of lemonade and there was a good deal of it at the party, but no one had poisoned it.† â€Å"Thanks for granting sanity that much.† â€Å"Then I realized the girl had heard something else, which her imperfect command of the language and her love of the beverage had perverted into ‘lemonade.'† â€Å"And have you invented a distortion?† Elar snorted. â€Å"It did seem to me for a while that what she might have heard was laymen-aided death.'† â€Å"What does that mean?† â€Å"An assassination carried through by laymen-by nonmathematicians.† Dors stopped and frowned. Her hand clutched her chest. Elar said with sudden concern, â€Å"Is something wrong, Dr. Venabili?† â€Å"No,† said Dors, seeming to shake herself. For a few moments she said nothing further and Elar cleared his throat. There was no sign of amusement on his face any longer, as he said, â€Å"Your comments, Dr. Venabili, are growing steadily more ridiculous and-well, I don’t care if I do offend you, but I have grown tired of them. Shall we put an end to this?† â€Å"We are almost at an end, Dr. Elar. Layman-aided may indeed be ridiculous, as you say. I had decided that in my own mind, too. You are, in part, responsible for the development of the Electro-Clarifier, aren’t you?† Elar seemed to stand straighter as he said with a touch of pride, â€Å"Entirely responsible.† â€Å"Surely not entirely. I understand it was designed by Cinda Monay.† â€Å"A designer. She followed my instructions.† â€Å"A layman. The Electro-Clarifier is a layman-aided device.† With suppressed violence Elar said, â€Å"I don’t think I want to hear that phrase again. Once more, shall we put an end to this?† Dors forged on, as if she hadn’t heard his request. â€Å"Though you give her no credit now, you gave Cinda credit to her face-to keep her working eagerly, I suppose. She said you gave her credit and she was very grateful because of it. She said you even called the device by her name and yours, though that’s not the official name.† â€Å"Of course not. It’s the Electro-Clarifier.† â€Å"And she said she was designing improvements, intensifiers, and so on-and that you had the prototype of an advanced version of the new device for testing.† â€Å"What has all this to do with anything?† â€Å"Since Dr. Seldon and Dr. Amaryl have been working with the Electro-Clarifier, both have in some ways deteriorated. Yugo, who works with it more, has also suffered more.† â€Å"The Electro-Clarifier can, in no way, do that kind of damage.† Dors put her hand to her forehead and momentarily winced. She said, â€Å"And now you have a more intense Electro-Clarifier that might do more damage, that might kill quickly, rather than slowly.† â€Å"Absolute nonsense.† â€Å"Now consider the name of the device, a name which, according to the woman who designed it, you are the only one to use. I presume you called it the Elar-Monay Clarifier.† â€Å"I don’t ever recall using that phrase,† said Elar uneasily. â€Å"Surely you did. And the new intensified Elar-Monay Clarifies could he used to kill with no blame to be attached to anyone just a sad accident through a new and untried device. It would be the ‘Elar-Monay death’ and a little girl heard it as `lemonade death.’ â€Å" Dors’s hand groped at her side. Elar said softly, â€Å"You are not well, Dr. Venabili.† â€Å"I am perfectly well. Am I not correct?† â€Å"Look, it doesn’t matter what you can twist into lemonade. Who knows what the little girl may have heard? It all boils down to the deadliness of the Electro-Clarifier. Bring me into court or before a scientific investigating board and let experts-as many as you like-check the effect of the Electro-Clarifier, even the new intensified one, on human beings. They will find it has no measurable effect.† â€Å"I don’t believe that,† muttered Venabili. Her hands were now at her forehead and her eyes were closed. She swayed slightly. Elar said, â€Å"It is clear that you are not well, Dr. Venabili. Perhaps that means it is my turn to talk. May I?† Dors’s eyes opened and she simply stared. â€Å"I’ll take your silence for consent, Doctor. Of what use would it be for me to try to to get rid of Dr. Seldon and Dr. Amaryl in order to take my place as director? You would prevent any attempt I made at assassination, as you now think you are doing. In the unlikely case that I succeeded in such a project and was rid of the two great men, you would tear me to pieces afterward. You’re a very unusual woman-strong and fast beyond belief-and while you are alive, the Maestro is safe.† â€Å"Yes,† said Dors, glowering. â€Å"I told this to the men of the junta. Why should they not consult me on matters involving the Project? They are very interested in psychohistory, as well they ought to be. It was difficult for them to believe what I told them about you-until you made your foray into the Palace grounds. That convinced them, you can be sure, and they agreed with my plan.† â€Å"Aha. Now we come to it,† Dors said weakly. â€Å"I told you the Electro-Clarifier cannot harm human beings. It cannot. Amaryl and your precious Hari are just getting old, though you refuse to accept it. So what? They are fine-perfectly human. The electromagnetic field has no effect of any importance on organic materials. Of course, it may have adverse effects on sensitive electromagnetic machinery and, if we could imagine a human being built of metal and electronics, it might have an effect on it. Legends tell us of such artificial human beings. The Mycogenians have based their religion on them and they call such beings â€Å"robots.† If there were such a thing as a robot, one would imagine it would be stronger and faster by far than an ordinary human being, that it would have properties, in fact, resembling those you have, Dr. Venabili. And such a robot could, indeed, be stopped, hurt, even destroyed by an intense Electro-Clarifier, such as the one that I have here, one that has been operating at low energy since we began our conversation. That is why you are feeling ill, Dr. Venabili-and for the first time in your existence, I’m sure.† Dors said nothing, merely stared at the man. Slowly she sank into a chair. Elar smiled and went on, â€Å"Of course, with you taken care of, there will be no problem with the Maestro and with Amaryl. The Maestro, in fact, without you, may fade out at once and resign in grief, while Amaryl is merely a child in his mind. In all likelihood, neither will have to be killed. How does it feel, Dr. Venabili, to be unmasked after all these years? I must admit, you were very good at concealing your true nature. It’s almost surprising that no one else discovered the truth before now. But then, I am a brilliant mathematician-an observer, a thinker, a deducer. Even I would not have figured it out were it not for your fanatical devotion to the Maestro and the occasional bursts of superhuman power you seemed to summon at will-when he was threatened. â€Å"Say good-bye, Dr. Venabili. All I have to do now is to turn the device to full power and you will be history.† Dors seemed to collect herself and rose slowly from her seat, mumbling, â€Å"I may be better shielded than you think.† Then, with a grunt, she threw herself at Elar. Elar, his eyes widening, shrieked and reeled back. Then Dors was on him, her hand flashing. Its side struck Elar’s neck, smashing the vertebrae and shattering the nerve cord. He fell dead on the floor. Dors straightened with an effort and staggered toward the door. She had to find Hari. He had to know what had happened. 27 Hari Seldon rose from his seat in horror. He had never seen Dors look so, her face twisted, her body canted, staggering as though she were drunk. â€Å"Dors! What happened! What’s wrong!† He ran to her and grasped her around the waist, even as her body gave way and collapsed in his arms. He lifted her (she weighed more than am ordinary woman her size would have, but Seldon was unaware of that at ** the moment) and placed her on the couch. â€Å"What happened?† he said. She told him, gasping, her voice breaking now and then, while he cradled her head and tried to force himself to believe what was happening. â€Å"Elar is dead,† she said. â€Å"I finally killed a human being. First time. Makes it worse.† â€Å"How badly are you damaged, Dors?† â€Å"Badly. Elar turned on his device-full-when I rushed him.† â€Å"You can be readjusted.† â€Å"How? There’s no one-on Trantor-who knows how. I need Daneel.† Daneel. Demerzel. Somehow, deep inside, Hari had always known. His friend-a robot-had provided him with a protector-a robot-to ensure that psychohistory and the seeds of the Foundations were given a chance to take root. The only problem was, Hari had fallen in love with his protector-a robot. It all made sense now. All the nagging doubts and the questions could be answered. And somehow, it didn’t matter one bit. All that mattered was Dors. â€Å"We can’t let this happen.† â€Å"It must.† Dors’s eyes fluttered open and looked at Seldon. â€Å"Must. Tried to save you, but missed-vital point-who will protect you now?† Seldon couldn’t see her clearly. There was something wrong with his eyes. â€Å"Don’t worry about me, Dors. It’s you-It’s you-â€Å" â€Å"No. You, Hari. Tell Manella-Manella-I forgive her now. She did better than I. Explain to Wanda. You and Raych-take care of each other.† â€Å"No no no,† said Seldon, rocking back and forth. â€Å"You can’t do this. Hang on, Dors. Please. Please, my love.† Dors’s head shook feebly and she smiled even more feebly. â€Å"Goodbye, Hari, my love. Remember always-all you did for me.† â€Å"I did nothing for you.† â€Å"You loved me and your love made me-human.† Her eyes remained open, but Dors had ceased functioning. Yugo Amaryl came storming into Seldon’s office. â€Å"Hari, the riots are beginning, sooner and harder even than exp-â€Å" And then he stared at Seldon and Dors and whispered, â€Å"What happened?† Seldon looked up at him in agony. â€Å"Riots! What do I care about riots now? What do I care about anything now?† How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 21, Essay examples

Top 100 Cause And Effect Essay Topics to Help You Get Started

Cause and effect is an evergreen thing. Remember when we were just kids, and our parents always told us that if we disobey them, there would be consequences? Well, it really does work this way. Whatever you do, think, or say will lead to something particular. There is even a so-called "Butterfly effect" that basically means that minor things done somewhere can lead to big changes somewhere else in the world. It used to be an effect often discussed in weather broadcasts, but with time it became a metaphor for all kinds of changes. Meanwhile, educational establishments aiming to train students to see the cause and effect decided to have special types of essays as a part of their academic process. There are only two issues that come up when you talk about these essays: what structure they have and what topics can they talk about. What makes a good cause and effect essay? The structure is no different from any other essay you would write. This piece must consist of an introduction, main body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, the whole text should focus on four main points across the text: You need to study the cause of what happened. There is always a reason behind every event. And there are no exceptions. So, your job is to study these causes and describe them in a nice and concise manner. Explain these causes.After you look into the reasons why something happened, you need to explain what you found out to the readers. They do not read your mind, so you need to be very clear when explaining the situation. However, since you need to talk about it in the introduction, make sure to explain it all in a few sentences. Check out the effect this particular event has.In the main body, you need to show what consequences come after some choice, decision, action, or a word. It is better if you can dedicate one paragraph to one effect for better clarity of the problem. Connect the cause and its effects. The readers need to see the big picture. So, your last goal is to connect the cause and effect in their eyes. You should also lead them to a certain conclusion or a takeaway line which they would remember once they finish reading it. This is what you should know about the structure. However, it might not be your biggest concern. The topic might be harder to come up with. So, if you are having troubles thinking of what to talk about in your article, then read on: you might find exactly what you are looking for on our list. Cause and effect essay topics What are the main reasons for a divorce? What is the main reason for poverty in the US? What effect does divorce have on children? Why are there so many overweight people in our country? Why don't people want their children to be vaccinated? Why siblings often find it hard to get along? Why does HIV spread so fast in the poor countries? What is the effect of the "screen" addiction on people? What effects does globalization have on the modern society? What are the effects of abortion on women? Good cause and effect essay topics Why do so many people want to live a childfree lifestyle? What are the effects of spending too much time on the Internet? What effect does sport have on one's mental health? What are the consequences of religious oppression? What causes issues with clear water in African countries? What leads people to live on the street? What is the cause behind running a charitable organization? What effects does the latest natural disaster have on your country? What causes poor life quality? What effects does discrimination have on the society? Cause and effect essay topics for college students What effects of global warming can you see now? Why do so many people opt to use Western medicine instead of traditional one? What are the effects of birth control? What makes people pursue healthy lifestyle? What causes people to spend so much during the sales? What effect will life on campus have on common students? What causes students' lack of interest in getting a high-quality education? What causes ADHD and how does it affect one's studying? How do grades affect students? What effect would studying in single-sex school have on young people? Easy cause and effect essay topics How arts affect students? What effect school has on children? What positive effects of uniforms do you know? How long school days affect children? Why are video games so wildly popular? What effects does illegal immigration have? What is the reason for an increased military concern in North Korea? What effects of Arab Spring do you know? What caused Holocaust? How did WWI affect America? Technology cause and effect essay topics Why is Apple so popular? Why are popular games so common as a hobby for teenagers? What effect do social media have on real-life relationships? How does communication change with the shift from letters to emails? What is the impact of the Internet on our daily chores? What effect does Instagram have on teenagers' mental health? What causes cyber bullying? What makes people spend much money online? How do violent games online affect us? What causes students to spend so much time playing games? Cause and effect essay topics about animals What effect does having a pet have on your health? What effect does air pollution have on animals? What is the effect of riding your bike to work? Why are there so many evil people in the world? What effect does unemployment have on people? Why are fast food restaurants so popular? How did the latest book you read affect your life? Why only a few people choose Physics as their major? Why siblings have hard time getting along? Why is higher education so expensive? Simple cause and effect essay topics The most popular reason for having no good night sleep among young people. Why do so many people in America have eating disorders? Why do people get married? The effect of not reading enough on the students. Why do so many people watch movies? Why do people get discriminated based on their religion or race? Why smartphones are so popular? What happens to people that keep no budget? Why online education is so popular? What effect does bottled water have on the environment? Popular cause and effect essay topics What are the causes of noise pollution? Why are electric cars so popular? What makes people explore the space if they know so little about the earth? Why don't people come to vote? What effects of peer pressure do teens face? What effect did your parents have on your life? What causes cheating on exams? Why some people choose not to go to university? What causes students strive to be popular? What was the cause of US actions in the WWII? Fun cause and effect essay topics What effect does your online popularity have on your character? How do video games affect professional players? How does too much spam affect you daily? Why do young people not want to get married? Why do we make friends online? What happens if you spend a whole day without electricity? What happens after you start your own business? What effect does networking have on you? Why do people work from home? Why do young people start dating so early? Creative cause and effect essay themes How does professional sport affect children? What effect do harmful relationships have on your health? What happens to people that grew up in poverty? Why do people lie? And how does that affect them? Why do parents want to homeschool their children? How using a credit card affect you? What causes an earthquake? What effect does alcohol have on pregnant women? What helps one to be a good parent? The effects of living in constant danger. Creating cause and effect essay writings can actually be so much fun, especially if you are talking about some hypothetical issues. You will have to think of situations that would take place if something did happen. So, simply take the ideas we mentioned above - and go for it: impress your teachers with a powerful essay on a very engaging topic!

How a Daughter Grieves the Loss of a Mother

How a Daughter Grieves the Loss of a Mother A son’s a son till he takes a wife, a daughter’s a daughter for the rest of her life. By and large, this old folk saying still rings true. Generally, young men are raised to become autonomous beings, and the act is regarded as mandatory to their adult development. On the other hand, young women are raised to become moms themselves and remain close to their mothers, setting off what many psychologists maintain is the most intense relationship in a woman’s life. The mother-daughter bond is essential, and 80-90 percent of women report good relationships with their mothers during their midlife, despite wanting an even stronger relationship. What Happens When a Mother Passes When her mother dies, the adult daughter loses her security touchstone. As long as her mother is alive, even if she’s halfway across the country, she’s often only a phone call away. Even if a daughter doesn’t always reach out to her mother when she has a problem, knowing her mother is around can be reassuring. Alternatively, when mom dies, the daughter is starkly alone. Women with close mother-daughter relationships may feel the loss more acutely, but the dynamics are the same for women who report conflicted relationships with their mothers- there is a prevailing tendency to feel unmoored. According to a 2016 article by psychologist Susan Campbell, 92% of daughters say that their relationship with their mother is positive, and over half of women say their mother was more influential than their father. Coping With a Mother Who Has Died Many adult daughters hold a story of their mothers that is based more on the daughters’ wounded memories than on the real truth of their mothers’ lives. For the brave at heart, the immediate aftermath of a mother’s death can be an opportunity for a more objective, compassionate understanding of her and, in turn, a resolution of long-standing differences. Clues to a mother’s true narrative can be found by listening attentively to stories told at the funeral, studying her letters and personal writings, and reviewing her choice of reading materials and entries in her calendar. Even the contents of her closet can help to fill in the gaps of her life. Daughters can take this time to learn more about their mother, and cope with the grief by expressing their feelings, remembering and cherishing their mom, and allowing themselves to grieve properly. Learning About Mom Through Memories Often, there can be a real disparity between a mother’s public self and her private self, or the one portrayed in the family. Many women lead much more accomplished lives than their mothers, which can mask their gifts. A mother’s death can be an excellent time to revisit her teachings. For example, Hillary Clinton’s mother, Dorothy Rodham, was cast off by her parents and sent to live with harsh grandparents. She never got the opportunity to attend college, but when Hillary phoned home from Wellesley, worried that she wouldn’t make the grade, Dorothy encouraged her to stick it out, something she had learned the hard way. Theres no doubt that Hillary Clinton’s reputation as a tenacious candidate and negotiator owes a lot to her mother’s support. Embedded in this example is the knowledge that mothers want the best for their daughters. We can return the favor by rediscovering our mother’s stories and honoring them.

6 Great Resume Tips How to Organize Your Resume’s Education Section

6 Great Resume Tips How to Organize Your Resume’s Education Section Is your resume’s Education section taking up too much space on your resume? Are you finding it hard to fit in all the information you think is important? Here are some of your resume Education section questions answered – maybe even questions you didn’t know you had! These tips will help you pack in lots of information without taking up half the space on your resume. 1. Should the Education section come first or last? If you are a new graduate from college or graduate school, or if you are applying to graduate school, your resume’s Education section generally goes FIRST on your resume (after your header). Why? Because it’s what you’ve done most recently, and/or it is most relevant. (If you  are unsure as to what is most relevant in your particular situation, ask an expert for advice.) If you have been in the working world for 2 years or more, your Experience section will more likely come first, and Education might be last or close to last on your resume. 2. Should I include dates in my Education section? The answer is, â€Å"It depends.† If you are a new graduate, especially if you’ve graduated from any school within the past five years, then it makes sense to include the date of your graduation or expected graduation. If you graduated more than 20 years ago, generally it’s recommended not to include the date of your graduation, as you could face age discrimination. If you are an older job seeker and also got a degree in the past few years, it can help to make you look younger if you put the date of your graduation on your resume. So consider your specific situation and make a considered judgment call. If you have questions, you might want to consider a resume review by The Essay Expert. 3. What should the basic format be? List your educational institutions in reverse chronological order, just as you do with your employment history. The most important part of each school section is the name of the school you attended. Put it in bold and/or Small Caps, followed by the city and state. Use the same format you use for your employers. Next put the degree you received. If you are anticipating a degree, write â€Å"Candidate for B.A,† â€Å"B.S. expected,† or â€Å"M.A. anticipated.† Fill in the appropriate degree of course. Here’s an example: You might like a centered format if your Education section is toward the end of the resume. For example: 4. Do I need a separate line for my GPA and for each of my honors? If you need to save space, there is no need to put your GPA and honors all on separate lines. You can combine these onto one line, and you can even put them on the same line as your major. How you combine things will depend on how much room you have on other lines. Here are some possibilities: BA in Political Science, cum laude, 2016 (GPA: 3.41) Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, concentration in Psychology, May 2015 Major GPA: 3.73; Cumulative GPA: 3.683 5. How should I list Honors  and Activities? You do not need an entirely separate section for either Honors or Activities. Only create these separate sections if you need to fill space! Instead, put them under the appropriate school. Do you have a lot of honors and/or activities? If you need space, you can group them together. For instance, you can have a bullet that says â€Å"Honors:† and name your honors, separated by semicolons. Then have a bullet that says â€Å"Activities:† and list your activities, separated by semicolons. Not sure how to handle the dates of all these things? Try putting them in parentheses after the honor or activity, and before the semicolon. Examples: Honors: Undergraduate Honors Thesis Research Grant (Honors Program award); Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society; Golden Key International Honour Society Honors: Dean’s List (2016-2019); Baylor University Alumni Scholarship (2015-2019); Greek Women’s Leadership Award (2009); Midwest Conference Academic All Conference Team (2018  and 2019) Activities: Latino/a Student Association, Secretary (2016-2017), Delegate/Community Service Committee (2015-2017); Mexican Student Organization, Social Chair (2015-2016); South American Student Association, Member (2014-2017) Activities: Varsity Women’s Basketball Team, Four Year Letter Winner; Pi Beta Phi Fraternity, Board Director (2016-2017) and Member (2014-2017); University Chapel Choir, Member (2014-2017) 6. Do I need a separate section for Study Abroad? No! Study abroad is part of your undergraduate education. It can be a bullet, or if you want to emphasize it because of your international interest or language ability, you can bold it. Do not put a space between your undergraduate degree section and the study abroad section, unless you need to fill space. Example of bullet format: [end of undergraduate section here]    Junior-year semester at University of East Anglia, Norwich, England (2015) Example of bolded section under undergraduate section: [end of undergraduate section here] Reid Hall, Columbia University, Paris, France Summer Study Abroad (Coursework: 19th Century French Painting, French Language) 7. How long should my resume’s Education section be? Unless you’ve earned five different degrees from five different schools already, your education section generally should take up a maximum of a third of a page. This means it’s important to get Experience to put on your resume and not rely on your Education to get you a job! Implementing these 6 suggestions will give you a great start on the Education section of your resume, making it both efficient and effective. Did these tips help you with your resume? 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Iranian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iranian Revolution - Essay Example It all started in 1974-75 when the Shah of Iran was informed of the Bathist regime in Baghdad. They were known to be supplied by weapons from the Soviet Union for controlling the northern Gulf their own way. Iran supported and funded the Kurds to rebel against Iraq to weaken them. He also provided sanctuary to Iraqi Kurds in Iran. Algiers agreement was signed in 1975, in order to redefine the boundary of Shatt al Arab. Shatt al Arab is found in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The river also forms a border between Iran and Iraq just when the river discharges into the Persian Gulf. Two Iranian cities, Abadan and Khorramshahr, and the Iraqi city of Basra are located on the coastline of this river. One of the factors for the Iran-Iraq war was disputes on territorial claims. This waterway served as source of peace agreement between ancestors of Iran and Iraq. But Saddam Hussein violated the rules in 1980 and tried to invade the waterway and bring in into the Iranian territory. It also dislocated as many as 250,000 Kurds from their homeland. It can be related to the Israeli policies against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip for over forty years now (Abrahamian, 2008). The outrage was set ablaze once again between Iran and Iraq with the onset of Iran Iraq War in 1991. ... The issue was propagated as Iraq being the Shia side of Islam and Iraq legalized as the Islamic republic of Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini made a direct appeal for the Iraqi Shia community to put an end to the rule of Saddam Hussein and bring forth an Islamic Republic. Saddam Hussein decided to bring a downfall to his government before he could get his power back. His decision had the support of US, oil-rich producers if Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and some Gulf states who did not like Khomeini’s revolutionary Islam. The invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein continued to be a horrible long war costing many thousands of billions of dollars and much causality. Iran fought fearlessly for their rights. The war had crippled the Iraqi oil industry and reduced income levels. All in all, the conflict was a horrible one with thousands of lives lost during the years 1982-1988. Iranian war dead estimates were about 262,000 and those of Iraq were 105,000 (Wright, 2005). There were certain goals that the United States had for the Iraq war in 2003. They wanted to demolish a regime from Iraq that they believed was to develop and utilize weapons of mass destruction which further gave shelter and protection to terrorists who tend to give way to human right abuses. The US was of the opinion that all this did injustice to the United Nation’s demands and that Iraq must compel to the international regulations and obligations. This invasion was further backed up with the view that the present ruler of Iraq, Saddam Hussein was giving initiative to those weapons of mass destruction which was a big threat to the security of the neighboring countries and to the world as a whole. There were

The Persuasive Message Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Persuasive Message - Assignment Example During the Reclassification Program, six extra workers were transferred to my department from Public Relations department (two employees) and from Financial Monitoring department (four employees), and made work under six experienced workers. However, extra workplaces for employees on reclassification have never been specifically prepared and equipped due to their new positions. New workers of External Relations department have stayed on their previous workplaces in Public Relations department and Financial Monitoring department on a fourth floor, room 403 and 404 correspondently. Due to the nature of reclassification process, extra workers tend to experience problems and seek the advice of experienced personnel who they were made to work upon, and experienced workers often have to leave their workplaces and go on a fourth floor to consult new workers. Conversely, new workers have to go on a second floor to receive the qualified advice. Therefore, despite the encouraging first statist ical results of the Reclassification Program, I’m forced to ask you to reconsider working conditions of External Relations department and consolidate both its qualified and new workers within a single floor and a single

Malaysian construction industry system

Malaysian construction industry system INTRODUCTION The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technology to a more systematic and mechanized system. This new system is now known as the Industrialized Building System (IBS). This new method of construction can increase productivity and quality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, materials and extensive pre-project planning. This study becomes very necessary since there is yet no organized body, which can provide the necessary information on the building cost comparison between the conventional system and industrialized building system in Malaysias construction industry. This study also addresses the building cost comparison of the conventional system and industrialized building system of formwork system. It provides the details building cost between the conventional system and the formwork system and indicates which of the two is cheaper. The data were collected through questionnaire s urvey and case study, which consisting of institutional buildings. Through the statistical testt-test it is shown that there is a significant difference in cost saving for the conventional system as compared to the formwork system (industrialized building system). The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technologies to a more systematic and mechanized system employing the latest computer and communication technologies. This is vital for the future health of the industry, given the trend towards global competition and the advent of the k-economy. The Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia since the 60s by the use of precast concrete beam-column elements. Since the demand of building construction has increased rapidly, it is necessary to innovate a construction method, which speeds up the building construction process. To sum-up, in general, the IBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, and quality, time and cost saving. The construction cost of a building using precast components should be assessed in its overall context. The traditional method of costing by material quantities with a fixed factor for labor cost can lead to incorrect estimation. For example, if labor usage is halved, this will more than compensate for a 10% material increase. More importantly, there is saving in time. Also, if properly designed and executed, precast can lead to much better quality of work. The overall cost impact of precast has therefore to take all these factors into consideration. With the rising costs of labor and less assurance of dependable skilled manpower, the trend is that precast construction will become increasingly competitive compared to cast-in-place construction? PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION Introduction Every construction material system has its own characteristics which to a greater or less extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood, masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way that the completed precast structure has the same monolithic concept as a in-situ one. However, this is a wrong approach one, which is very labour intensive costly. If the full advantages of precast concrete are to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design philosophy: Long spans, appropriate stability concept, simple details, etc. Designers should from the very outset of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions advantages of precast concrete, its detailing, manufacturer, transport, erection serviceability stages before completing a design in precast concrete. Precast concrete system enables faster programmed times not affected by weather or labour shortages. Improves buildability early enclosure of dry envelope enables follow-on trades to start sooner. Produces a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions reduces potential for accidents, addresses on-site skill shortage. Has a high quality finish that can be left exposed concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS Keep water out Prevent air leakage Control light Control radiation of heat Control conduction of heat Control sound SECONDARY FUNCTIONS Resist wind forces Control water vapor Adjust to movement Thermal and moisture expansion or contraction Structural movements Resist fire Weather gracefully Easy to install Architectural precast concrete provides architects with an exciting medium when designing facades for a wide range of buildings, from healthcare facilities to shopping malls, commercial office buildings to sports stadiums. Precast concrete provides: Complete thermal protection Continuous air/vapour barrier Effective rain screens Superior lifespan Reduced construction schedule and on-site labour High quality control standards Numerous finish options and colours CATEGORIES OF PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEMS Precast buildings constitute a significant fraction of the building stock in the republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided into the following categories: Large-panel systems Frame systems Slab-column systems with walls Precast concrete floor Large-Panel Systems The designation â€Å"large-panel system† refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure (see Figure 1). Both vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the walls. Depending on the wall layout, there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings: Cross-wall system. The main walls that resist gravity and lateral loads are placed in the short direction of the building. Longitudinal-wall system. The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads are placed in the longitudinal direction; usually, there is only one longitudinal wall, except for the system with two longitudinal walls. Two-way system. The walls are placed in both directions. Thickness of wall panels ranges from 120 mm for interior walls to 300 mm for exterior walls. Floor panel thickness is 60 mm. Wall panel length is equal to the room length, typically on the order of 2.7m to 3.6 m. In some cases, there are no exterior wall panels and the faà §ade walls are made of lightweight concrete. A typical interior wall panel is shown in Figure 2. Panel connections represent the key structural components in these systems. Based on their location within a building, these connections can be classified into vertical and horizontal joints. Vertical joints connect the vertical faces of adjoining wall panels and primarily resist vertical seismic shear forces. Horizontal joints connect the horizontal faces of the adjoining wall and floor panels and resist both gravity and seismic loads. Depending on the construction method, these joints can be classified as wet and dry. Wet joints are constructed with cast-in-place concrete poured between the precast panels. To ensure structural continuity, protruding reinforcing bars from the panels (dowels) are welded, looped, or otherwise connected in the joint region before the concrete is placed. Dry joints are constructed by bolting or welding together steel plates or other steel inserts cast into the ends of the precast panels for this purpose. Wet joints more closely approximate cast-in-place construction, whereas the force transfer in structures with dry joints is accomplished at discrete points. Frame Systems Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column subassemblages. Precast beam-column subassemblages have the advantage that the connecting faces between the subassemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases, when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured. The load-bearing structure consists of a precast reinforced concrete space frame and precast floor slabs. The space frame is construc ted using two main modular elements: a cruciform element and a linear beam element. The cruciform element consists of the transverse frame joint with half of the adjacent beam and column lengths. The longitudinal frames are constructed by installing the precast beam elements in between the transverse frame joints. The precast elements are joined by welding the projected reinforcement bars (dowels) and casting the concrete in place. Slab-Column Systems with Shear Walls These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category: Lift-slab system with walls Prestressed slab-column system Precast columns are usually two stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by means of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on top of the other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position. Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has been achieved. In the connections, the steel bars (dowels) that project from the edges of the slabs are welded to the dowels of the adjacent components and transverse reinforcement bars are installed in place. The connections are then filled with concrete that is poured at the site. Most buildings of this type have some kind of lateral load-resisting elements, mainly consisting of cast-in-place or precast shear walls, etc. In case lateral load-resisting elements (shear walls, etc.) are not present, the lateral load path depends on the ability of the slab-column connections to transfer bending moments. When the connections have been poorly constructed, this is not possible, and the lateral load path may be incomplete. Another type of precast system is a slab-column system that uses horizontal prestressing in two orthogonal directions to achieve continuity. The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns and floor slabs are prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After prestressing, the gaps between the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns at appropri ate locations. Precast concrete Floor The principle advantages of precast floors are speed of construction, absence of scaffolding, large variety of types, large span capacity, economy. Precast floors can also be classified according to their manufacture into totally partially precast floors. Totally precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the plant. After erection, the units are connected to the structure the longitudinal joints are grouted. In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is added. Partially precast floors are composed of a precast part a cast in-situ part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the composite structural capacity. The main totally precast floor roof types are described hereafter. CONVENTIONAL IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction encompasses traditional forms of structural load-bearing elements; typically composed of concrete, brickwork and structural steel. We are well-versed in all forms of conventional construction and have substantial in-house capacity. The majority of our commercial and unique residential products to date have utilized conventional methods of construction. A number of designers that we have worked with tend to express the structural elements of the construction, from exposed beams, cantilevered slabs and stairs, to exposed structural steelwork. This requires a high degree of accuracy as well as a high level of workmanship; both of which are easily attained using our in-house skills. Conventional building method is defined as components of the building that are pre-fabricated on site through the processes or timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement and cast in-situ. Conventional buildings are, mostly built of reinforced concrete frames. The tr aditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction, which includes labor, raw material, transportation and low speed of construction time. Cast-in-situ Construction Method This system is suitable for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to almost all types of building. Formwork is used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The objective of in-situ method is to eliminate and to reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering and to reduce labor content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to the required strength the mould is dismantled. The w orkers can be trained easily to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional construction method are, its low skill requirement, can be quickly constructed, maintenance is low, structure is durable and cost can be less. In-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. Carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. The formwork system is based on the combination of pre-fabrication and in-situ conventional construction, which features the utilization of permanent concrete for elements instead of conventional timber formwork. Differences Between In situ and Precast Construction Method Labour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Precast construction method only use semi-skilled workers and dont use skill or unskilled- worker in construction process. Economies are generated through reduced requirements for formwork, access scaffolding and less reliance on wet trades. Reduced on-site supervision by the main contractor is also a saving. So for precast construction method, labours are not use 100 percent for making formwork, access scaffolding, and handle wet concrete. Due to speed of construction, gives earlier return on investment, freeing up the project critical path and allowing earlier completion. It is estimated that a precast structure takes up to 20% less time to construct than a similar cast in situ structure, using labour can be late because of rest time and energy of a labour. For quality and accuracy, precast construction methods will more quality n accuracy than in situ. This ensures that reinforcement bars are accurately located and that clients receive high quality products man ufactured to controlled dimensional tolerances. Precast method delivers a high performance product with a quality appearance. Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed concretes thermal properties can be exploited in low-energy buildings because all of the equipment are made up in factory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In situ construction method use skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, and un-skilled worker in construction process. Labour can amenable to almost any design and labour can alteration the design in last minute construction process. Design can proceed as the structure is built because labour takes a time to build. Construction can proceed independently of weather conditions because workers still can proceed the work even though whether are not good. Construction process is easily used for two way structural systems because labour used two ways structural system in construction process. It is not necessary to pay for crane on site because of labour can take instead of crane functions. Wastage Environmental and manufacturing conditions at a precast concrete plant are easily monitored. The production of precast concrete elements takes place under controlled conditions in enclosed factories. This makes the control of manufacturing, waste, emissions, noise levels, etc. easy compared with the same processes at a building site. The raw material consumption is similar for similar qualities of concrete, whether the production takes place in a factory, at a ready-mix plant or at a building site. The raw material waste in precast concrete production is very small. The process of preparing mild steel reinforcement may be the same for a precaster as for a contractor at a building site, except that precasters will usually have less waste. This results in better utilization of the steel and less consumption of natural resources. Surplus materials are generated during the production of precast elements. Much surplus material is recyclable, and consists mainly of hardened concrete with or without reinforcement, steel reinforcement and pieces of structural steel, plywood and other wooden materials, fresh concrete (from production and washing of equipment), slurry from the sawing of concrete, insulating materials (mineral wool and polystyrene), oil etc. from machinery and paper and other packaging materials. The amount of surplus material varies between factories and different types of production. Studies in the Scandinavian countries have shown that the magnitude is typically about 100 kg of surplus material per m3 of concrete produced. About 40% of the surplus material is fresh and hardened concrete and about 45% is wastewater from washing equipment and sawing slurry generated during hollow core slab production. It is possible to collect and sort different types of surplus materials in precast plants. Excess materials that can be recycled and reused include steel, wood, insulating materials, oil, paper and other packaging materials. Wood can be sorted out, cut and used as industrial firewood, or used for other construction purposes. Buildings are constructed with traditional cast in-situ concrete, using timber formworks. Building that timber formwork was the major contributor to construction waste, accounting for 30% of the total identified waste. Wet trades, such as concreting, masonry, plastering and tiling on-site were considered as the second major waste generator, accounting for 20% of the total on-site waste generated. A recent study demonstrated that the ‘off-cuts from cutting materials were a major cause of wastage during construction. Waste also arises as a result of design concepts and decisions. Case studies in Sri Lanka In the construction industry, it is well known that there is a relatively large volume of material being wasted due to a variety of reasons. The problem of material waste on construction sites is not an isolated issue and is of environmental concern. Therefore, waste minimization has become an important issue in the construction industry. The aim of this research was mainly to identify the pre-cast contribution to the construction waste minimization in the Sri Lankan construction industry, through a comparison of material waste arising from pre-cast, ready-mixed and site-mixed concrete. Data were collected from 27 building construction projects and three concrete elements: slabs, beams, and columns, were considered to quantify construction waste. To compare the wastage due to pre-cast involvement with other types, three categories of building projects were used, including projects using pre-cast concrete elements, in situ concrete elements site mix, and in- situ concrete elements ready mix. The data for the study were collected from 27 multi-storey housing constructions projects, of which, seven projects used pre-cast construction and 20 projects used in situ construction. The wastage was compared between the basic materials used for three types of concrete elements are columns, beams and slabs. In this study, material wastage includes waste arising from manufacturing process at the factory level to the site level. For instance, material waste of pre-cast and ready-mixed concrete were quantified considering the waste arising from manufacturing process at factory level to usage at construction site. However, it was identified that waste during the transportation of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast elements is negligible. Further, waste of pre-cast elements at the site level was also noted as almost zero and, hence only the factory level waste was considered for the analysis. Techniques of material reconciliation were used to analyse the waste of ready-mix concrete and pre -cast elements at the site level, while work studies were used to quantify the waste of site-mixed concrete at the site level and wastage of ready-mix concrete and pre-cast concrete at the factory level. Pre-cast concrete waste The mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 5.34 per cent, 13.86 per cent and 7.62 per cent respectively showing the lower values compared with the material wastages in the other two situations (Table III). Further, it was shown that there is a noticeable difference in the generation of material waste between pre-casts and in situ (Figures 1 and 2). The main reason behind this may be due to the negligible wastes arisen during transportation and installation at the site. The pre-cast concrete elements transported to the site were stored unit wise by during transportation had been minimized and identified as zero. Since pre-cast elements were supplied according to the required length, waste arising during installation of elements was at a minimum level and waste occurring due to over ordering of materials was also eliminated. Further, the pre-cast elements were produced at factories under proper supervision using steel moulds which can be formed of different sizes. Therefor e, the wastage of materials during manufacturing also reduced to a considerable amount. Site-mixed concrete waste In site-mix concrete, the mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 14.39 per cent, 25.70 per cent and 16.11 per cent respectively showing higher values compared with the material wastages in other situations (Table III). This large quantity of wastage was identified due to the lack of supervision, inaccurate mixing methods, inappropriate type of equipment used, poor storage of materials and poor quality workmanship and this led to higher waste of materials in ways of excess cement being used to accelerate the curing process, excess concrete being used due to the breaking of form work, higher waste in transit and handling of metal and sand and excess concrete being used in uneven surfaces (e.g. attached concrete column). Ready-mixed concrete waste The mean wastages of cement, sand and metal amounted to 6.61 per cent, 22.31 per cent and 13.01 per cent respectively showing the higher values than material wastages of pre-cast concrete and lower values than material wastages of site-mixed concrete (Table II). Although there was lower wastage at the factory level, the overall wastage of ready-mixed concrete showed higher values. The main reason behind this is the excess ordering of materials, large quantity of concrete remains in pump car and pump pipe and poor quality workmanship at the site level such as breaking of formwork. Case studies in Hong Kong The questionnaire survey revealed that the construction activities were closely related to the amount of waste generated. Timber formwork is the major contributor to construction waste. The wet trades associated with finishing work such as screeding, plastering and tile laying are identified as the second major set of waste generation processes in the construction of buildings. Concrete work and masonry work are the next most significant groups. Site activities need to be emphasised in order to reduce building waste. In general, it was estimated that about 5-10 per cent of materials ended up as waste on building sites. Pecaform foundation formwork is made by laminating a layer of polyethylene to each side of a high tensile steel wire mesh. This combination creates a material that is both light and structurally strong, making it very easy to handle. It can be used for constructing ground beams, pile caps, footings, curved structures, ribbed and waffle slabs. The formwork is cut-to-size and bent to shape at a factory and arrives at site ready for installation. There is no need to strip the formwork after the concrete has cured. Very little waste is produced. A clean and neat site can be obtained in the foundation stage. Large panel formwork compared with traditional timber formwork, metal panel system formwork has several advantages. The use of large panel formwork can save time and labour in erecting, striking and re-erecting the formwork as the panel is handled as one unit. It can also produce a concrete surface much neater than conventional timber formwork and the surface essentially needs no additional applied finishes for levelling. So far, steel is the most popular material used for the formwork and the reusability of steel formwork can be as high as 100 times, and therefore much formwork waste is reduced. On-site waste audit also indicated that large panel formwork was effective in reducing concrete waste generated by loss in concreting and broken formwork, which usually accounts for about 30 per cent of the total concrete waste Prefabricated steel reinforcement system is tailor-made in plants where steel bars are mechanically cut, bent and fabricated. The completed systems are then transported to the sites for use. During the manufacturing process, the steel bars are cut and bent in a more systematic and accurate manner so that the wastage is kept to a minimum. Precast cladding is a new construction method for tiling works in the corridors of public housing projects in Hong Kong. The cladding panels are manufactured in the precast factory. The production processes are: place wall tiles onto the steel mould face down, pour lightweight concrete onto the back of the tiles, and demould after hardening. The tiles are thus cast integrally with the lightweight concrete and no traditional tile fixing by cement mortar or adhesive is required. At the construction site, the positions for holding brackets will be set out, and cladding panels levelled and fixed. The advantages of precast cladding panels are: reduced requirements on skilled labour with better end product quality, less wastage of raw materials and waste generation as wet trades on site such as plastering and tiling are eliminated, flexible time control as no setting and curing time are needed on site, and a cleaner and safer working environment. Machinery sprayed plaster was originally used in civil engineering applications. It now replaces the traditional cement mortar in some building projects. The major difference between the mechanised plaster and the traditional cement mortar is that the former is mixed and applied by means of a mechanised operation whilst the latter is applied and trowelled smooth by hand. The use of machinery sprayed plaster has the benefits of high productivity, low labour demand and less waste. Precast bathroom is an innovative feature in the construction of public housing. The wall, floor and ceiling of the bathroom are prefabricated with concrete as a whole unit and finished with tiles in the factory. PVC sleeves are also left in the structure for the future fixing of drainpipes. It is then transported to the site and installed into the final position of the building structure with the help of a crane. The only work required on site is to install the sanitary fittings, connect plumbing and electricity wiring to the building mains. Wet trades are avoided on site and this reduces material damages and wastage. Pre-cast external wall panels. Traditionally, external wall panels in high-rise residential buildings have been constructed in-situ with concrete panels finished with mosaic tiles. Pre-casting external wall panels enables panels to be pre-finished with the mosaic tiles attached together with windows and louvres installed. Building services provision can also be included. The finishes are fixed in the factory, production is not affected by the weather, a cleaner safer production environment results in stronger bonding and less tile wastage. Pre-fabricated fibre glass water tank. This type of pre-fabrication is an example of saving construction waste by materials substitution. All residential housing units of the New Harmony type include water storage on the roof of the building; the normal design solution is a cast in-situ concrete tank. An alternative to the construction of the cast-in-situ concrete water tank on the roof of the building is the adoption of a pre-fabricated fibre glass tank. Pre-fabricated internal wall panels e.g. dry wall partitions, and gypsum boards may be used to replace concrete or brick walls which are then finished by plastering in-situ. This has the potential to make significant savings in construction waste because a typical residential building would have some 452m2 of internal walls per floor and typically there would be 32 or 40 floors per building. The adoption of this form of construction has minimal impact on the design tasks because the pre-fabricate